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Overview of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) are cryptographic methods that allow a prover to convince a verifier that a given statement is true without revealing any additional information beyond the validity of the statement itself. Key concepts include:Statement: The proposition or computation that needs to be proven.Witness: The private information that proves the sta..

What are they? Imagine trading directly with someone holding a different cryptocurrency than yours, without worrying about counterparty risk or needing a trusted third party like an exchange. That's what atomic swaps allow you to do. They leverage "Hashed Timelock Contracts (HTLCs)," smart contracts on each blockchain that act as temporary vaults holding both parties' assets. How do they work? A..

Gas This refers to the value used for fees in Ethereum. The fee is calculated by converting the Byte Code that appears when the code in the Smart Contract is complied into the Gas value specified in the OP_CODE table. Gas Limit(Used) Gas Limit is divided into Block Gas Limit and Transaction Gas Used. Block Gas Limit means the sum of the total Transaction Gas Used in the corresponding block, and ..

EIP-2770 is a proposed Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) aimed at standardizing the way meta transactions are executed within the Ethereum ecosystem. Meta transactions enable users to sign and submit transactions to the blockchain without having to pay the gas fees themselves. This can be beneficial for various reasons, like: Reducing barriers to entry: By removing the gas fee burden, EIP-2770..

Type: The type of transaction (e.g., LegacyTxType, AccessListTxType). PostState: The root hash of the world state after transaction execution. Status: The transaction's status (1 for success, 0 for failure). CumulativeGasUsed: Total gas used by the transaction and its sub-transactions. Bloom: A Bloom filter for efficient retrieval of logs matching specific topics. Logs: An array of logs emitted ..

Transaction is a structure used when EOA transmits Eth to EOA or when EOA calls CA. txType() byte: This method returns the type ID of the transaction. It is expected to return a byte representing the type of the transaction. copy() TxData: This method creates a deep copy of the transaction data, initializing all fields. It allows for the duplication of transaction data. chainID() *big.Int: Retur..